Theophilus Protospatharius, a seventh-century physician, authored the first manuscript focused exclusively on urine, titled "De Urinis." In this work, he demonstrated that heating urine precipitated proteins, thereby documenting proteinuria as a disease state. Later, in the 12th century, the French scholar Gilles de Corbeil classified 20 different types of urine based on variations in urine sediment and color. He also introduced the "matula," a glass vessel that allowed physicians to assess the color, consistency, and clarity of urine.
Following includes the complete analysis of urine:
Visual exam
• Color.
• Clarity
Dipstick test
• Acidity (urine pH).
• Bilirubin.
• Blood (hemoglobin).
• Glucose.
• Ketones
• Leukocyte esterase.
• Nitrites.
• Protein
• Urine specific gravity test.
Microscopic exam
• Crystals.
• Epithelial cells.
• Bacteria, yeast and parasites (infections).
• Red blood cells (RBC).
• Urinary casts:
• White blood cells
Fractional excretion of Sodium (FE Na).
- [(U Na x P Cr) / (P Na x U Cr)] x 100
- U = Urine, P = Plasma, Cr = Creatinine, Na = Sodium.
- Re-absorption and filtration accounted (Both).
- Should not be used with normal renal function.
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
- FE Na < 1%
- Urine sodium < 20 mEq/L.
Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
- FE Na > 2%
- Urine sodium > 40 mEq/L.
